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İbrahim Şinasi
İbrahim Şinasi (5 August 1826 – 13 September 1871) was a pioneering Ottoman author, journalist, and translator, and newspaper editor. He was the innovator of several fields: he wrote one of the earliest examples of an Ottoman play, he encouraged the trend of translating poetry from French into Turkish, he simplified the Arabic script used for writing the Ottoman Turkish language, and he was one of the first of the Ottoman writers to write specifically for the broader public. Şinasi used his newspapers, ''Tercüman-ı Ahvâl'' and ''Tasvir-i Efkâr'', to promote the proliferation of European Enlightenment ideals during the Tanzimat period, and he made the education of the literate Ottoman public his personal vocation. Though many of Şinasi's projects were incomplete at the time of his death, "he was at the forefront of a number of fields and put his stamp on the development of each field so long as it contained unsolved problems."
Şinasi was an early proponent of a constitution for the Empire.〔Berkes, Niyazi. The Development of Secularism in Turkey. Montreal: McGill UP,〕 Along with his colleague and friend Namık Kemal, Şinasi was one of the foremost leaders of the Young Ottomans, a secret society of Ottoman Turkish intellectuals pushing for further reform in the Ottoman Empire after Tanzimat in order to modernize and revitalize it by bringing it into line with the rest of Europe. Although Şinasi died before their goals for reform came to fruition, the Young Ottomans' efforts directly led to the first attempt at constitutional monarchy in the Empire in 1876, when the short-lived First Constitutional Era ushered in the writing of an Ottoman constitution and the creation of a bicameral parliament. Through his work as a political activist and one of the foremost literary figures of his time, Şinasi laid the groundwork in the minds of the public for contemporary and later reforms in the Ottoman Empire and, later, the modern Republic of Turkey.
==Early life==
İbrahim Şinasi was born in Constantinople (modern Istanbul) in 1826 during a period of uncertainty in the Ottoman Empire.〔Somel, Selçuk Akşin., et al. The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2010. Print.〕 Şinasi's father served as an artillery captain in the Ottoman army and died during one of the Ottoman-Russian wars. He was raised by his mother and relatives and began his education at a neighborhood school.〔"İbrahim Şinasi." Biyografi. N.p., 2011. Web. 15 Dec 2013. .〕 Şinasi attended elementary school with the intention of becoming a clerk for the military.〔Karabell, Zachary. "Şinasi, İbrahim ()." In the Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Ed. Philip Mattar. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. 2068-2069. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 16 December 2013.〕 He took a position with the Müşiriyet Armory, while taking lessons in Arabic, Persian, and French.〔 At a young age, he established a close relationship with the famed reformer Mustafa Reşid Pasha, who helped him earn a government grant to study finance in Paris.〔
While in Paris, Şinasi also studied mathematics, science, and history, but he began to develop what would become a lifelong affection for literature. There, Şinasi came into contact with French literature and intellectuals; he was impressed by Enlightenment ideas and cultivated relationships with Lamartine, Ernest Renan, and other French intellectuals.〔 Among other things, he was a member of the Société Asiatique. During his time in Paris, he translated several works from French into Ottoman Turkish.
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